Scottish Populations in the United States have a rich and storied history that reflects a deep cultural heritage. With millions of Americans claiming Scottish ancestry, this influence is felt across various aspects of American life.
Here are some key points:
- Over 5 million Americans claim Scottish ancestry.
- 650+ US-owned businesses operate in Scotland, employing around 115,000 people.
- Scotland exports £6bn annually to the USA.
- 35 out of 46 US Presidents have Scottish or Ulster-Scots descent.
The shared history between Scotland and the United States spans centuries, beginning with early immigration in the 1600s and continuing through waves of migration influenced by events such as the Jacobite Rebellion and Highland Clearances. Today, the cultural bond remains strong, with numerous Scottish associations and clubs celebrating this legacy.
Historical Context of Scottish Immigration
Scottish immigration to the United States has deep historical roots, shaped by significant events and social upheavals. Let's explore the key periods and reasons that led Scots to cross the Atlantic.
English Civil War
The first wave of Scottish immigration began in the 1600s, largely as a result of the English Civil War (1642-1651). The war created political and economic instability, prompting many Scots to seek better opportunities in the American colonies. This initial migration laid the groundwork for future waves of Scottish settlers.
Jacobite Rebellion
The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1745 were pivotal moments in Scottish history. These failed attempts to restore the Stuart monarchy led to severe repercussions for the Highland clans involved. Many were captured and transported to the American colonies as indentured servants. This period marked a significant increase in Scottish immigration, particularly to the mid-Atlantic regions like Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Highland Clearances
The Highland Clearances in the late 18th and early 19th centuries forced many Scots off their ancestral lands. Landowners evicted tenants to make way for more profitable sheep farming. This brutal displacement led to a mass exodus of Scots, many of whom sought refuge and new beginnings in the United States. The Clearances had a profound impact, particularly on Scottish Highland communities in places like upstate New York and the Cape Fear valley of North Carolina, where they became centers of Loyalist resistance during the American Revolutionary War.
1600s Migrations
The 1600s saw the initial trickle of Scots to the American colonies. Many of these early immigrants were victims of the English Civil War or economic migrants seeking better prospects. They settled primarily in the mid-Atlantic regions and the Carolinas, establishing small but resilient communities.
1700s Migrations
The 1700s were marked by larger waves of Scottish immigration, driven by the Jacobite Rebellions and the Highland Clearances. This period also saw the rise of the Scotch-Irish, or Ulster-Scots, who migrated from Northern Ireland to America. They settled in significant numbers in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, contributing to the cultural and economic development of these regions.
1800s Migrations
The 19th century witnessed the peak of Scottish emigration to the United States. Over a million Scots left their homeland during this period, driven by economic hardships and the promise of opportunities in the New World. This wave of migration was facilitated by the advent of regular steamship services, a largely Scottish creation that revolutionized transatlantic travel. Many Scots settled in the industrial cities of the Northeast, contributing to America's burgeoning industries.
Key Figures and Contributions:
- Andrew Carnegie: Born in Dumfermline, Scotland, Carnegie emigrated to the U.S. in 1848. He became a steel magnate and one of the wealthiest men in the world.
- Alexander Hamilton: A Founding Father of the United States, Hamilton's Scottish heritage influenced his drive and ambition.
- Thomas Jefferson: The third President of the United States, Jefferson's Scottish ancestry played a role in shaping his intellectual pursuits.
These historical migrations have left a lasting legacy, with Scottish Americans playing pivotal roles in various facets of American society. Understanding this context helps illuminate the rich mix of Scottish influence in the United States.
Next, we will explore the Scottish Populations in the United States, delving into where Scottish Americans are most concentrated and their cultural impact.
Scottish Populations in the United States
Scottish Americans are spread across the United States, with some areas having higher concentrations than others. This distribution is based on self-identification and data from the US Census.
States with the Highest Scottish Populations
In terms of raw numbers, the states with the highest Scottish populations are:
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California: Home to 456,714 Scottish-descendent citizens, California boasts the largest number of Scottish Americans. The state’s diverse economy and large population make it a significant hub for people of Scottish ancestry.
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Texas: With 375,541 residents claiming Scottish heritage, Texas ranks second. The state's rich history of immigration and economic opportunities have attracted many Scottish Americans.
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Florida: Florida has a Scottish population of between 200,000 and 300,000. The state’s warm climate and retirement communities are major draws.
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North Carolina: This state is home to a similar number of Scottish Americans as Florida. North Carolina's historical ties to Scottish settlers are evident in its cultural events and festivals.
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Ohio: Ohio also has a Scottish population ranging from 200,000 to 300,000. The state’s industrial history and urban centers have attracted many immigrants.
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Michigan: Similar to Ohio, Michigan’s Scottish population falls within the same range. The state’s automotive industry and urban areas like Detroit are key attractions.
States with the Highest Percentage of Scottish Americans
Some states have a higher percentage of individuals with Scottish ancestry:
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Maine: Leading the nation, 4.16% of Maine’s population claims Scottish ancestry. The state’s historical connections to early Scottish settlers contribute to this high percentage.
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Vermont: Close behind, Vermont has 4.04% of its population identifying as Scottish American. Vermont’s rural and community-oriented lifestyle is a strong draw.
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New Hampshire: With 3.88%, New Hampshire also has a significant Scottish American population. The state’s rich history and cultural events celebrate this heritage.
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Utah: In the western part of the country, Utah has a noticeable Scottish American presence. The state’s population includes many descendants of early Scottish Mormon pioneers.
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Wyoming: Wyoming’s Scottish American population is also notable. The state’s open spaces and historical ties to Scottish ranchers play a role.
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Idaho: Idaho rounds out the list with a significant percentage of Scottish Americans. The state’s agricultural and mining history attracted many Scottish immigrants.
This distribution shows that while some states have high numbers of Scottish Americans, others have a higher percentage relative to their total population. Both factors highlight the widespread influence and presence of Scottish heritage across the United States.
Next, we will explore the Major Scottish Communities and Cultural Impact in the United States, looking at how these communities celebrate and maintain their heritage.
Major Scottish Communities and Cultural Impact
Scottish Influence in American History
Scottish Americans have left an indelible mark on U.S. history. Of the 46 men who have served as U.S. President, an astonishing 35 have been of either Scottish or Ulster-Scots descent. This includes notable figures like George Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton. Even Barack Obama's ancestry can be traced back to William the Lion, who ruled Scotland from 1165 to 1214.
Alexander Hamilton, whose father was a Scotsman from Ayrshire, played a pivotal role in establishing the First Bank of the United States and helped write the American Constitution. Frances Wright, a Scotswoman from Dundee, became an American citizen in 1825 and was among the first recognized female public speakers in the USA. Frederick Douglass, the famous abolitionist, visited Edinburgh in 1845 and chose his surname from the hero of the Scottish poem, ‘The Lady of the Lake’.
Scottish Cultural Contributions
Scottish communities in the United States celebrate their heritage through various cultural events and associations. There are hundreds of Scottish associations and clubs across the country, fostering a sense of community and cultural pride.
Tartan Day, celebrated annually on April 6, commemorates the historical links between Scotland and North America. The highlight is the New York City Tartan Day Parade, often led by a famous Scot as the honorary Grand Marshal. This event brings together thousands of Americans who celebrate their Scottish heritage.
Scottish festivals are another significant aspect of cultural celebration. The largest Highland Games and Scottish festivals occur yearly in places like Pleasanton, California, Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina, and Estes Park, Colorado. These festivals feature traditional Scottish sports like tossing the caber, whisky tastings, bagpipe competitions, and Scottish dance.
The Highland games and Scottish societies play a crucial role in preserving and promoting Scottish culture. Caledonian societies also contribute by organizing events and gatherings that celebrate Scottish traditions.
Scottish cultural influence extends to the arts as well. Scottish Ballet tours the United States, and partnerships like those between the National Theatre of Scotland and NYC’s The Joyce Theater bring Scottish performing arts to American audiences.
These cultural contributions not only enrich the lives of Scottish Americans but also add to the diverse mix of American society.
Next, we will dig into the Scottish Populations in the United States: Detailed State Analysis, examining where Scottish communities are most concentrated and their unique characteristics.
Scottish Populations in the United States: Detailed State Analysis
Northeast States
Maine
Maine has the highest percentage of Scottish Americans in the U.S., with 4.16% of its population claiming Scottish ancestry. The state hosts various Scottish festivals, including the Maine Highland Games. Maine’s rugged landscape has drawn many Scots, reminiscent of Scotland's own terrain.
Vermont
Vermont follows closely with 4.04% of its population identifying as Scottish American. The state celebrates its Scottish heritage with events like the Quechee Scottish Festival. Vermont’s small towns often have Scottish names, reflecting the deep roots of Scottish settlers.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire has 3.88% of its population with Scottish ancestry. The New Hampshire Highland Games is one of the largest Scottish festivals in North America. The state's history is rich with Scottish influence, particularly in its early settlements.
Western States
Utah
Utah has a notable Scottish American population, partly due to the early Mormon settlers, many of whom were Scottish. The state celebrates its Scottish heritage with the Utah Scottish Festival & Highland Games.
Wyoming
Wyoming’s Scottish American population is also significant. Scots were among the early ranchers and miners in the state. The Wyoming Highlanders are a well-known group that keeps Scottish traditions alive through music and dance.
Idaho
Idaho has a growing Scottish American community. Many Scots came to Idaho for mining opportunities in the 19th century. The state hosts the Treasure Valley Highland Games, celebrating Scottish culture.
California
California has the largest number of Scottish-descendent citizens, totaling 456,714. Cities like Ben Lomond and Inverness reflect the Scottish influence. The state hosts numerous Scottish festivals, including the Seaside Highland Games.
Southern States
Texas
Texas is home to 375,541 Scottish Americans, making it one of the states with the highest numbers. The Texas Scottish Festival & Highland Games is a major event, celebrating the state's Scottish heritage.
Florida
Florida has a significant Scottish American population, with many retirees from the northern states. The Central Florida Scottish Highland Games is a major cultural event, drawing participants from across the state.
North Carolina
North Carolina is rich in Scottish heritage, with many early settlers being Scots-Irish. The state hosts the Grandfather Mountain Highland Games, one of the largest in the country. Towns like Aberdeen and Inverness showcase the Scottish influence.
Midwest States
Ohio
Ohio has a large Scottish American population, with many living in cities like Cleveland and Columbus. The Ohio Scottish Games and Celtic Festival is a popular event, celebrating the state's Scottish roots.
Michigan
Michigan is home to many Scottish Americans, particularly in cities like Detroit and Grand Rapids. The Michigan Scottish Highland Festival is a key event that highlights the state's Scottish heritage.
This detailed analysis provides a snapshot of the Scottish populations across various states in the United States, showcasing their unique characteristics and cultural contributions.
Frequently Asked Questions about Scottish Populations in the United States
Where do most Scottish live in the USA?
Scottish Americans are spread throughout the United States, but some states have higher concentrations. Maine leads with 4.47% of its population claiming Scottish ancestry, followed by Vermont at 4.27% and New Hampshire at 4.11%. These northeastern states have deep-rooted Scottish communities.
In the western part of the country, Utah stands out with 4.18% of its residents having Scottish roots, while Wyoming and Idaho also have notable Scottish populations at 3.12% and 3.20%, respectively.
Which US state has the most Scots?
In terms of sheer numbers, California has the largest Scottish population, with 469,465 residents of Scottish descent. Texas follows with 378,812 Scottish Americans. These states have large populations overall, which helps explain the high numbers.
Where is the largest Scottish population outside of Scotland?
Outside of Scotland, the largest Scottish populations are found in Canada and the United States. Canada has a significant Scottish community, particularly in provinces like Nova Scotia, which literally means "New Scotland." In the United States, as mentioned, states like California and Texas have substantial numbers of Scottish-descended residents.
Visit our Scottish Populations in the United States page for more detailed statistics and insights.
